in this study, karyotype of 18 samples of wild diploid and tetraploid of wheat ancestors were examined which includes four samples of theT. Boeoticum, six samples of Ae.taushii, four samples of Ae triuncialis, one sample of Ae cylindrical and also two unknown samples.Chromosomal characteristics such as total length of chromosomes, long arm and short arm length were measured. Thereafter the other characteristics including the ratio of long to short arm, centromere index and chromosome relative length percentage was calculated and the samples were compared on the base of chromosomal characteristics. In cluster analysis on the base of chromosomes characteristics, the samples are divided into two groups (diploids and tetraploids) by Euclidean distance. Two unknown samples were diploid that have showed by chromosomal counting. Tetraploid wheats had more asymmetric karyotype than diploids.In order to evaluate the morphological diversity two diploid wild wheat (Ae.tauschi and T. Boeoticum) in terms of agronomic traits were also evaluated in the field. Cluster analysis showed three groups and species are well-separated except Ae. Tauschii (44) which was grouped individually. But In grouping process on the basis of karyotype characteristic, diploid species were not separated from each other that might be because of agronomical properties which were the result of genes expression while karyotype characteristics were due to chromosomal differences and similarities that necessarily doesn’t lead to genetic and phenotypic similarity.

To study the sexual fertility and for a dermination of the mating types of the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot, samples of infected rice were collected from different regions of Guilan Province in during 2004.One hundred and thirty and three single-spore isolates were obtained from Khazar while nine isolates from local cultivars. Morphological identification was carried out employing the valid morphological identification keys. For fertility test, crosses were carried out among local isolates on Carrot Agar medium, four pairs of which resulted in fertile crosses. Sixty isolates were crossed with six standard isolates representing three mating populations and six mating types (MATA-1, MATA-2, MATC-1, MATC-2, MATD-1 and MATD-2). Of those isolates 23, 17, and 38% belonged to mating populations A, C and D, respectively. Aall, local isolates with fertile crosses were, included in mating population D. Furthermore, the ascosporous isolated from field perithecia, stood in mating population D. For pathogenicity test, 142 isolates were inoculated to Khazar seedlings nine of which showed no disease symptoms. The results of the study revealed that indicated three mating populations, A (F. verticillioides), C (F. fujikuroi), and D (F. proliferatum) are the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot in Guilan province, north of Iran Province.

Morphological variation gives us a knowing perspective, lets us more precisely speculate about genetic diversity among Christ' s-thorn individuals, leads us to identify and select elite germplasms for breeding purposes. On the other hand, biodiversity, itself, draws more attention by farmers, breeders, and conservation experts though such investigations. Plant organs/parts, e.g. leaf and fruit were sampled in three well known habitats: both qualitative and quantitative characteristics were measured. A completely randomized design experiment was carried out with10 replications In situ traits of studied trees were recorded. ANOVA revealed high significance of all measured characteristics indicating a large-scale diversity among the genotypes. For instance, fruit weight ranged 0.5-15gr. Leaf ranged 2-6.7 cm and 10-25% of total solution of the fruit samples comprised solute solids. Certain economic/taxonomically important traits were negatively-or positively correlated. The genotypes were clustered, plot analysis was performed for their morph and origins based on which they were finally grouped. Indian genotypes Collected from Hormozgan were clearly segregated from their Iranian counterparts. Collected genotypes in three provinces showed considerable morphological variations.

Introduction: Stomach cancer and breast cancer are most common cancers in the world and in Iran. Today, the use of fungal and bacterial extractions has been interesting to cancer researchers. Rhizobium is a highly beneficial bacteria in agriculture and environment that provides the nitrogen needed for Legume family plants through coexistence with this family. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of Bradyrhizobium cell extraction and its mutated type on the cancer of breast (MCF7) and stomach (AGS) was investigated. Material and Methods: Cytotoxicity effect of different concentration of Bradyrhizobium japonicum biomass and extract on stomach and breast cancer cells was investigated using MTT colorimetric method. Data analysis were conducted using Graphpad Prism 6. 0 software and ANOVA method. Results: The findings showed that both wild type and mutant type of bacteria had a significant meaningful effect on both types of cancer cells and their cytotoxicity was dependent on the concentration of extract or biomass (the lowest rate was observed at a concentration of 30 and at most 480 Micrograms per ml). In most cases biomass showed a better effect than extract. Conclusion: In general, this study showed the effect of extract and biomass of Bradyrhizobium bacteria cytotoxicity on cancer cells, which could be used as a source for antineoplastic agent.

In order to investigate the effect of using wild species as a rootstock in grafting plants on salinity tolerance in tomato, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design were conducted. The first factor was grafting including Money maker non-grafted (M), Money maker self-grafted (M+M), Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722 (M+P1) and Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA 2184 and the second factor was three concentration of NaCl including the 0, 40 and 80 mM along with Hogland nutrient solution that were applied to tomato in the hydroponics greenhouse, Department of Horticulture, University of Tabriz. The results showed that the increasing salinity had a negative effect on leaf area and yield, and total fruit number in tomato cv. Money maker, the use of S. pimpinellifolium as rootstock showed the best performance under different salinity conditions. Also, in the highest salinity concentration, the lowest sodium content was observed in the plants grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722. The results indicate that, use of pimpinellifolium as rootstock in 80mM NaCl level had 69% higher fruit yields than the non and self-grafted Money maker plants.

Quinoa is known as a suitable plant in adverse environmental conditions due to its desirable nutritional value and high production potential such a country like Iran, which has a climate diversity, it will create food security, increase farmers'''' incomes and sustainable production. To study the genotype and environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of grain yield of quinoa genotypes in different regions of Iran, ten genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four regions of Karaj, Shahrekord, Urmia, and Kashmar during 2017-2018 cropping season. The studied genotypes included Titicaca, Red Carina, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment and the genotype and environment interaction on the grain yield were significant (p≤0.01). The highest grain yield in Karaj and Shahrekord (717 and 2196 kg.ha-1, respectively) was obtained by the Q26 genotype and in Urmia and Kashmar (1614 and 829 kg.ha-1, respectively) by the Q18 and Titicaca genotypes, respectively. According to the results of stability and compatibility analysis with different methods and indices (parametric and non-parametric), the Red Carina genotype was identified as a genotype with suitable and stable yield and compatible with the study areas, with 996 kg.ha-1 grain yield higher than the average yield of all genotypes (939 kg.ha-1), the highest rank of simultaneous selection index for yield and stability, the lowest mean rank (1.56), and the minimum standard deviation of rank (SD = 1.03).

To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential oil yields, content of essential oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (essential oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

Understanding the ecological processes underlying the spatial distribution of trees is enabled by simulation of their spatial structure within stands. Summary statistics enable modelling the spatial point patterns of trees and provide an efficient representation of the link between point patterns and ecological processes. In this study, five summary statistics, i.e. first-order (intensity function l(x)), second-order (pair correlation function g (r)), higher-order (T-function T (r)), nearest neighbor (nearest neighbor distribution function D (r)), and morphological (spherical contact distribution function Hs (r)) were used to model the spatial pattern of Christ thorn jujube trees (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Wild.) in the south of Fars Province. One real and two simulated homogeneous, 200 × 200 m2 sample plots were selected to investigate the performance of those functions. The results showed that (x) significantly followed the homogeneous Poisson process and identified different spatial distributions of Christ thorn jujube trees in three plots. The results also indicated that g (r) was non-cumulative and sensitive to tree patterns in different scales.Although T (r) described the dispersion, randomness, and clustering of trees in the plots, its power to indicate fine structural patterns was not obvious due to low densities of the trees in the plots.The distances to nearest tree were quantified by D (r), which were located about 20 m from each other in all three plots. Finally, the amount of Hs (r) clearly showed the non-randomness patterns of trees in the plots. All in all, it was concluded that different summary statistics characterize different statistical properties of spatial point patterns across the study area.

Introduction: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild. ) is a pseudocereal that is one of the oldest crops in the Americas and a native plant in the Andes region. Compared to other grains, quinoa has more protein and a more balanced amino acid composition with 8-5% lysine and 1. 5-2. 4% methionine. Drought, heat, salinity, etc. are types of abiotic stresses that reduce plant growth and cause a sharp drop in crop yield due to various changes at the physiological, morphological, and molecular levels. In addition, drought stress may cause the production of reactive oxygen species in plants, which damage lipid and protein structures and cause the cell membrane to lose permeability and selectivity. Leakage of intracellular ions leads to disturbance in metabolism, chloroplast decomposition, and reduction of chlorophyll content. Glycine betaine not only acts as an osmotic regulator but also stabilizes the structure and activity of enzymes and protein complexes and maintains the integrity of membranes against the damaging effects of drought. Glycine betaine treatment increases the growth, survival, and tolerance of plants to different stress conditions by regulating different metabolic processes, improving the rate of absorption of pure CO2, maintaining proteins, enzymes, and lipids of the photosynthetic apparatus, and maintaining the flow of electrons through thylakoid membranes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of glycine betaine foliar application on agronomic, biochemical, and physiological traits of quinoa under water stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The experiment of split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was performed at the station of Research in the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 crop years, Agriculture and Natural Resources Center in Kerman province of Iran. The main factor included three levels of irrigation treatment (irrigation to the full maturity stage (control), irrigation to the beginning of the flowering stage, and irrigation to the beginning of the development stage) and the secondary factor included two levels of glycine betaine (0 and 3 mM). Biological and seed yields and harvest index, biochemical traits including proline and total phenol and flavonoid contents, and physiological traits including the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase were measured. Variance analysis of all traits and LSD mean comparison test at five percent level was conducted with SAS software version 9. 2. Results and Discussion: The effect of irrigation factor and glycine betaine and their interaction effect on the most measured traits were significant. The highest biological and seed yields were observed in control condition and the application of glycine betaine. The lowest of them were in plants grown under irrigation condition to the beginning of the flowering stage and non-application of glycine betaine. Water stress was increased the content of proline and total phenol and flavonoid and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both level of glycine betaine. The foliar application of glycine betaine caused an increase in the biological and seed yields and biochemical and physiological traits at all three irrigation conditions. Conclusion: Under water stress conditions at both glycine betaine levels, the biological and seed yields decreased while the biochemical and physiological traits increased. These results show that the quinoa plant responds to water stress with enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems. The application of glycine betaine led to the improvement of biological and seed yields and biochemical and physiological traits in all three irrigation treatments. So, glycine betaine can be used to compensate for the harmful effects of water stress in quinoa.